Unexpected Results
Adverb Clauses with Unexpected Outcomes
Adverb Clauses Showing Opposition (Unexpected Result)
When the result of the main clause is contrary to expectations, use adverb clauses with 'although', 'even though', 'despite' or 'in spite of'.
"In spite of the variety of packaged snacks available, the vegan traveler went hungry."
"The concierge was unhappy, although he did not show this to the customers."
"Though the community centers were popular, they were defunded."
'Although', 'even though', and 'though' all introduce a full clause that includes both subject and verb. The three expressions can be used interchangeably.
Although
Example:
"The concierge was unhappy, although he did not show this to the customers."
Though
Example:
"Though the community centers were popular, they were defunded."
Even though
Example:
"She did her husband's laundry, even though he could have done it himself."
Prepositions
Despite
'Despite' and 'in spite of' are followed by a noun or noun phrase and are followed by a comma when introducing the sentence. If 'despite' or 'in spite of' are used in the middle of a sentence, no commas are required. Use 'despite' or 'in spite of' when the result of the main clause is contrary to expectations,
Example:
"Despite the fine accommodations, the trip was a disaster."
In spite of
'In spite of' is followed by a noun (phrase) and is followed by a comma when introducing the sentence. If 'in spite of' is used in the middle of a sentence, no comma is required.
Example:
"In spite of the promises made in the brochure, the vacuum seal did not stop our breads from going stale."
"In spite of their lack of training, the greeters did an excellent job."
'Despite' and 'in spite of' convey the same unexpected result and can be used interchangeably.