Topics

Present

Past

Past to Present

Future

Abilities - Responsibilities

Asking Questions

Choosing the Right Phrase

Combining Verbs

Explaining Ideas

Describing Your World

Complex Ideas

Relating Ideas, People, Objects

Speaking about Objects

Wondering about Situations

What Had Already Happened

Past Perfect

The past perfect expresses an action that had finished before another action took place in the past. The past perfect is often used to provide reasons for making a decision in the past.

Example:

Had you archived the files to a the long-term storage medium before you emailed them to Tom?

Had you asked him how many pixels he'd need before you submitted the artwork?

She hadn't had time to ping iTunes before a listener downloaded the podcast.

Positive Form:

Subject + had + past participle + (object(s))

I had already set up anti-phishing protocol before the conman called.

Negative Form:

Subject + had + not + past participle + (object(s))

She hadn't had time to ping iTunes before a listener downloaded the podcast.

Question Form:

(Question Word) + have + subject + past participle?

Had you archived the files to a the long-term storage medium before you emailed them to Tom?